The Malaysian palm oil industry is a large sector contributing to the economic growth of the country. As the world’s second largest palm oil producer with millions of hectares of plantations, approximately 20 million tonnes of crude palm oil (CPO) was produced in 2014 from 439 palm oil mills (MPOB, 2014). As a result, the […]

The depletion of fossil fuels and natural raw materials has encouraged the search for new resource materials for the production of bio-based materials (Alekhina et al., 2014). Oil palm biomass (OPB) is classified as lignocellulosic residues comprised mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in their cell walls (Raveendran et al., 1995). This lignocellulosic material can […]