The oil palm industry is a vital component of Malaysia’s agricultural sector, contributing significantly to the nation’s economy. As a leading global producer of palm oil, Malaysia generates substantial amounts of oil palm biomass (OPB) during replanting, harvesting, and processing activities. This includes empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm mesocarp fibres, palm kernel shells (PKS), palm oil mill effluent (POME), oil palm fronds (OPF) and oil palm trunks (OPT). OPB has been recognised as an important economic resource that offers a beneficial influence on the economic growth of the country rather than as a low-value waste. OPB can be turned into highly valuable products, which will bring in additional revenues for the nation. This abundant biomass has the potential to be a valuable resource for various industries, ranging from energy production to the development of innovative and sustainable products (Abas et al., 2011).