Malaysia’s oil palm industry plays an important role in the national economy and generates a large volume of biomass through upstream activities. This biomass includes empty fruit bunches (EFB), oil palm trunks (OPT), oil palm fronds (OPF), mesocarp fibres (MF) and palm kernel shells (PKS) which are mostly derived from harvesting, milling and replanting operations. In 2024, Malaysia’s total cultivated oil palm area was estimated at 5.61 million hectares, generating over 91 million tonnes (dry weight) of oil palm biomass, with OPF being the largest contributor, followed by OPT (MPOB, 2025a). This substantial volume of biomass highlights the sector’s significant potential for value-added utilisation. Table 1 presents the estimated availability of various types of oil palm biomass in Malaysia for the year 2024 (MPOB, 2025b).