The palm oil milling sector is one of the key components in the supply chain of the palm oil industry. As of 2024, there were 453 palm oil mills nationwide, with an approved throughput capacity of 125.4 million tonnes per annum (Parveez, 2025). These mills processed approximately 98.3 million tonnes of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) harvested from 5.61 million hectares of planted areas, producing 19.3 million tonnes of crude palm oil (CPO) and 4.56 million tonnes of palm kernel (Parveez, 2025). This corresponds to an average national oil extraction rate (OER) of 19.67% and a kernel extraction rate (KER) of 4.64%. In addition, the milling sector also generates more than 100 million tonnes of oil palm biomass in both solid and liquid forms.